January 5, 2025, 9:01 am | Read time: 6 minutes
The American pit bull terrier polarizes more than almost any other dog breed. From a working dog in the 1800s, it developed into a versatile and loyal companion. Despite its athletic character and intelligence, it is often at the center of misunderstandings – a fate that places great responsibility on the keeping and training of this special breed.
The American pit bull terrier has an eventful history that is closely linked to humans. Originally bred in Great Britain to combine strength and agility, it arrived in the USA in the 19th century. Here, the robust dog was used for a variety of purposes – from herding cattle and hunting to working as a rescue and search dog. Today, in the right hands, the “Bully” proves that it has more to offer than just muscle power: It is intelligent, child-friendly, and versatile in dog sports. Nevertheless, the breed remains classified as a list dog in many countries and is subject to strict husbandry regulations.
Origin
The origins of the American pit bull terrier trace back to 19th-century England, Scotland, and Ireland. By crossing terriers and bulldogs, the aim was to breed a dog that combined the strength of the bulldog with the agility and playfulness of the terrier. The dogs were initially used in “rat-baiting” competitions and later in illegal dog fights. These fights took place in arenas, the so-called “pits,” which earned the breed the name “pit bull”.
Animal fighting was banned in Great Britain in 1835. Emigrants brought the dogs to the USA, where they established themselves as versatile working dogs – they herded cattle, helped with hunting, and served as guard dogs. In 1898, the United Kennel Club (UKC) recognized the American pit bull terrier as an independent breed. The Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) still refuses to recognize the breed today.
Appearance & Coat
The American pit bull terrier is medium-sized, muscular, and athletically built. Its compact stature appears powerful without appearing cumbersome. Males reach a shoulder height of 46 to 53 cm, bitches are slightly smaller at 43 to 51 cm. The weight is between 16 and 27 kg, depending on sex.
The head is broad and wedge-shaped, with a wide muzzle and pronounced cheek muscles. The ears sit high and are semi-erect or drooping. Ear docking – often done to “enhance” the appearance – is prohibited in many countries.
The coat is short, smooth, and shiny, and all colors except merle are permitted. The coat lacks a warming undercoat, which is why protective clothing is recommended at low temperatures.
Character & Disposition
Despite its bad reputation, the American pit bull terrier is a people-friendly, affectionate dog. Well-socialized animals are loyal, fond of children, and playful. Their temperament is often described as lively and enthusiastic, but they have a high stimulus threshold and rarely act aggressively.
The breed is highly intelligent and eager to learn, yet it can exhibit a degree of stubbornness that requires management through consistent training. The pit bull enjoys being close to its family and is only suitable as a guard dog to a limited extent, as it often remains friendly towards strangers.
Training
Training an American pit bull terrier requires experience, consistency, and patience. Early socialization is crucial to avoid the potential for aggression and to ensure compatibility with other dogs and people. The pit bull responds well to positive reinforcement and clear instructions, making it important to establish basic commands like ‘sit,’ ‘down,’ and ‘stay’ early in training.
To navigate the challenges of owning a breed on the restricted list, attending specialized dog schools and training courses tailored to the pit bull’s needs and traits is recommended. In some federal states, the animals also have to pass a test on their temperament and character, for which owners should prepare themselves with appropriate training.
Correct Keeping & Care
The American pit bull terrier is an active dog that needs plenty of exercise and activity. Regular walks, dog sports such as agility or obedience, and mental challenges keep them physically and mentally fit. Despite its energy, it can also be kept indoors if it is given enough exercise. However, a securely fenced garden offers additional freedom of movement.
Owning an American pit bull terrier requires not only experience but also a significant level of responsibility. Owners should be aware of the legal requirements and be prepared to invest time and effort in the socialization and training of the dog.
In Germany, the American pit bull terrier is classified as a dangerous dog in many federal states and is, therefore, on the so-called breed list. The classification varies depending on the federal state but entails a number of conditions and restrictions for owners. These include, among other things, Character tests, certificate of competence, leash and muzzle requirements, increased dog tax, and application for keeping.
The classification of the American pit bull terrier as a restricted breed varies from state to state. While some states require a strict license to keep the breed, others almost completely ban it. The federal states where the requirements should be carefully reviewed include:
- Baden-Württemberg
- Bavaria
- Berlin
- Brandenburg
- Bremen
- Hamburg
- Hesse
- Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
- North Rhine-Westphalia
- Rhineland-Palatinate
- Saarland
- Saxony-Anhalt
- Saxony-Anhalt
In Austria, similar regulations are in place, with regions like Vienna, Lower Austria, and Vorarlberg imposing special conditions for dog ownership, such as obtaining a dog license or securing mayoral approval. In Switzerland, keeping pit bulls is completely prohibited in some cantons.
Grooming the American pit bull terrier is simple: weekly brushing is enough to keep the short coat clean and healthy. A dog sweater is recommended at low temperatures.
Diet
A balanced, protein-rich diet is crucial for the muscular American pit bull terrier. High-quality meals with a high meat content are ideal. While puppies still need three to four smaller meals, two portions per day are sufficient for adult dogs. Rest periods after feeding prevent digestive problems.
Susceptibility to Certain Diseases
While the American pit bull terrier is known for its robustness, it is susceptible to certain breed-specific health issues, including hip dysplasia, heart conditions, and skin problems. Regular veterinary check-ups help to detect and treat diseases at an early stage.
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The American Pit Bull Terrier at a Glance
- Size: 43-53 cm shoulder height
- Weight: 16-27 kg
- Coat: Short, smooth, dense; all colors except merle
- Average life expectancy: 12-13 years
- Character: Loyal, people-friendly, playful, intelligent
- Special features: High urge to move; family-friendly with good training